requests是python实现的简单易用的HTTP库,使用起来比urllib简洁很多
因为是第三方库,所以使用前需要cmd安装
pip install requests
安装完成后import一下,正常则说明可以开始使用了。
基本用法:
requests.get()用于请求目标网站,类型是一个HTTPresponse类型
import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.status_code) # 打印状态码
print(response.url) # 打印请求url
print(response.headers) # 打印头信息
print(response.cookies) # 打印cookie信息
print(response.text) #以文本形式打印网页源码
print(response.content) #以字节流形式打印
运行结果:
状态码:200
url:www.baidu.com
headers信息
各种请求方式:
import requests requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post') requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put') requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
基本的get请求
import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text)
结果
带参数的GET请求:
第一种直接将参数放在url内
import requests response = requests.get(http://httpbin.org/get"" src="/UploadFiles/2021-04-08/202009282127463.png">另一种先将参数填写在dict中,发起请求时params参数指定为dict
import requests data = { 'name': 'tom', 'age': 20 } response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=data) print(response.text)结果同上
解析json
import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text) print(response.json()) #response.json()方法同json.loads(response.text) print(type(response.json()))结果
简单保存一个二进制文件
二进制内容为response.content
import requests response = requests.get('http://img.ivsky.com/img/tupian/pre/201708/30/kekeersitao-002.jpg') b = response.content with open('F://fengjing.jpg','wb') as f: f.write(b)为你的请求添加头信息
import requests heads = {} heads['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 ' '(Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 ' '(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50' response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',headers=headers)使用代理
同添加headers方法,代理参数也要是一个dict
这里使用requests库爬取了IP代理网站的IP与端口和类型
因为是免费的,使用的代理地址很快就失效了。
import requests import re def get_html(url): proxy = { 'http': '120.25.253.234:812', 'https' '163.125.222.244:8123' } heads = {} heads['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.221 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0' req = requests.get(url, headers=heads,proxies=proxy) html = req.text return html def get_ipport(html): regex = r'<td data-title="IP">(.+)</td>' iplist = re.findall(regex, html) regex2 = '<td data-title="PORT">(.+)</td>' portlist = re.findall(regex2, html) regex3 = r'<td data-title="类型">(.+)</td>' typelist = re.findall(regex3, html) sumray = [] for i in iplist: for p in portlist: for t in typelist: pass pass a = t+','+i + ':' + p sumray.append(a) print('高匿代理') print(sumray) if __name__ == '__main__': url = 'http://www.kuaidaili.com/free/' get_ipport(get_html(url))结果:
基本POST请求:
import requests data = {'name':'tom','age':'22'} response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)获取cookie
#获取cookie import requests response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') print(response.cookies) print(type(response.cookies)) for k,v in response.cookies.items(): print(k+':'+v)结果:
会话维持
import requests session = requests.Session() session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12345') response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') print(response.text)结果:
证书验证设置
import requests from requests.packages import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() #从urllib3中消除警告 response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) #证书验证设为FALSE print(response.status_code)打印结果:200超时异常捕获
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout try: res = requests.get('http://httpbin.org', timeout=0.1) print(res.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print(timeout)异常处理
在你不确定会发生什么错误时,尽量使用try...except来捕获异常
所有的requests exception:
Exceptions
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,RequestException try: response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',timeout=0.5) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print('timeout') except HTTPError: print('httperror') except RequestException: print('reqerror')25行代码带你爬取4399小游戏数据
import requests import parsel import csv f = open('4399游戏.csv', mode='a', encoding='utf-8-sig', newline='') csv_writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=['游戏地址', '游戏名字']) csv_writer.writeheader() for page in range(1, 106): url = 'http://www.4399.com/flash_fl/5_{}.htm'.format(page) headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/81.0.4044.138 Safari/537.36' } response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers) response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding selector = parsel.Selector(response.text) lis = selector.css('#classic li') for li in lis: dit ={} data_url = li.css('a::attr(href)').get() new_url = 'http://www.4399.com' + data_url.replace('http://', '/') dit['游戏地址'] = new_url title = li.css('img::attr(alt)').get() dit['游戏名字'] = title print(new_url, title) csv_writer.writerow(dit) f.close()
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稳了!魔兽国服回归的3条重磅消息!官宣时间再确认!
昨天有一位朋友在大神群里分享,自己亚服账号被封号之后居然弹出了国服的封号信息对话框。
这里面让他访问的是一个国服的战网网址,com.cn和后面的zh都非常明白地表明这就是国服战网。
而他在复制这个网址并且进行登录之后,确实是网易的网址,也就是我们熟悉的停服之后国服发布的暴雪游戏产品运营到期开放退款的说明。这是一件比较奇怪的事情,因为以前都没有出现这样的情况,现在突然提示跳转到国服战网的网址,是不是说明了简体中文客户端已经开始进行更新了呢?
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